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Two documents, written down in Kassel in 913, are the first written record of the existence of Kassel, proof that the city can look back on more than a millennium of development.. Of course, one can not speak of a city at first.. In the place of today´s regional council, a fortification rose, and in their protection developed in the next few centuries, a settlement whose small extent can still be seen on the road train ´ditch´.. <9> <9> <9> The extent and economic importance of the city grew after Landgrave Heinrich von Hessen had made Kassel his residence in 1277.. From this time, brothers church and Martin´s Church, Druselturm and Zwehrenturm have been preserved.. Especially in the second half of the 14th century, the council of the city of Kassel sought in prolonged struggles for greater independence, but in vain.. So it was the sovereign princes who shaped the development of the city for more than half a millennium.. <9> In the 16th century, when about 5,000 people lived in Kassel, the city temporarily became a political center in western Germany, as Landgrave Philipp was particularly committed to Protestantism.. This led him to develop his capital into a strong fortress, which was later improved to new knowledge.. In 1767, the leveling of the fortifications began after walls and ramparts had prevented the city from expanding for centuries.. <9> <9> When in 1700, on the initiative of Landgrave Karl, French religious refugees came to Kassel in large numbers, a new district was built on the outskirts: the Oberneustadt.. The name of the Landgrave Karl is also associated with two architectural plants that still dominate the image of the city today: the baroque Orangery Palace with the extensive Karlsaue Park on the Fulda and the magnificent Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe on the eastern slope of the Habichtswald, whose water features a fantastic, 71 meters high building, the octagon with the statue of Hercules, are crowned.. <9> <9> Several decades later, towards the end of the 18th century, the Wilhelmshöhe Castle was built at the foot of Hercules, named after the builder Landgraf Wilhelm IX.. from Hesse, not to Kaiser Wilhelm II!. Today, a world-famous collection of paintings is housed in this castle.. <9> The foundation for this was laid by one of the many art-loving and educated landgraves.. These created an astronomical - physical collection, which the technically interested now can admire in the orangery.. They had the first theater building in Germany (now Natural History Museum) and the first museum on the European mainland (Museum Fridericianum) built.. They established a technical college, an art academy and many other cultural and social institutions that lasted for a long time or still exist today.. <9> Karl Schomburg presents a petition to the sovereign in the electoral palace, 15. 09. 1830. <9> At the beginning of the 19th century there were 18,000 inhabitants in Kassel.. Among them, the Brothers Grimm lived since 1805, who first published the oral stories that had been handed down orally.. At that time the political consciousness of the bourgeoisie was awakening in Kassel.. The municipality constitution of 1834 put the municipal self-government on a new basis.. As the seat of the Parliament of the Electorate of Hesse, the Ständehaus on Ständeplatz was the site of political conflicts between the liberal bourgeoisie and the elector.. <9> <9> On September 15, 1830, Kassel´s Lord Mayor Karl Schomburg, in the Electoral Palace on Friedrichsplatz, hands the landlord a petition, which leads to Kurhessen being given a liberal constitution.. <9> <9> At that time, despite some resistance, industrialization also set in, but it was not until Kassel and Kurhessen became a part of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1866 that the city took off briskly.. Particular importance was attached to the long-established company Henschel, which completed its twelve thousandth locomotive in 1913.. In the north and east of the city industrial districts were formed, while in the west on Hohenzollernstraße (today Friedrich Ebert Street) pure residential areas emerged.. <9> <9> Towards the end of the century, the city had outgrown the medieval district, so that neighboring villages had to be incorporated.. The population of the city grew to more than 100,000 inhabitants.. City and state competed to express authority, bourgeois culture and building prosperity.. Of these representative buildings are still the picture gallery at the beautiful view (1877 completed), the town hall (1909), the State Museum (1913) and the City Hall (1914) received.. <9> <9> In the 1920s, the focus shifted to health care, sports facilities and housing developments.. Indoor swimming pool (Ost), Hessenkampfbahn and Rothenbergsiedlung were the expression of a changed social attitude.. In the cultural field, the founding of the Wallpaper Museum in 1923 is the only museum of its kind in the world.. <9> <9> Under the Nazi regime, the population of Kassel was also disciplined in the National Socialist sense.. Politically dissenters and individual sections of the population were subjected to persecution.. Many were killed in concentration camps.. Military affairs increasingly determined the events in the city.. Armament industry was established and expanded, barracks buildings and the ´General Command´ (today Federal Social Court) emerged.. Kassel became the permanent venue of the Reichskriegertage.. <9> <9> The most terrible day in the history of the city became October 22, 1943, when the city sank to rubble and ashes in an air raid.. Nearly 10,000 people died in flames and rubble.. Earlier and later attacks caused additional wounds, causing 70% of homes and 65% of industrial installations in the entire city to be destroyed at the end of the war.. With 71,000 inhabitants, the population had reached its lowest level.. Twelve years of brutal dictatorship had brought the century-old city to a zero point.. <9> <9> If today´s cityscape presents itself less as a reconstruction and more as a rebuilding on an old ground, then this must be attributed to mental currents that wanted to break radically with the past.. But today we can be proud of the stairway - it is listed as a building of the 1950s - and of the many other successful examples of the extremely interesting architecture of the fifties in the city center.. Incidentally, in 1948/49 the city of Kassel had applied for provisional capital, unfortunately without success.. <9> <9> Special impulses for the urban development came from the 1955 organized federal horticultural show.. In the same year, Kassel gained notoriety in the art world through the first-ever documenta, an international exhibition of modern art that has been taking place every five years since then.. The University of Kassel, which was founded in 1970 as a comprehensive university, became an important factor in urban development.. With Schloss Wilhelmshöhe, the famous picture gallery with the old masters and the Antikensammlung was given a particularly splendid presentation frame in 1974, while the art of the last two centuries received good exhibition possibilities in the Neue Galerie at the Schöne Aussicht.. <9> The Federal Garden Show, which was once again organized in Kassel in 1981, owes its name to a wonderful recreational area close to the city center: the Fuldaaue.. Kassel received a supraregional attraction in 1983 with the thermal brine bath ´Kurhessen-Therme´, today in the recently existing bathing resort ´Bad Wilhelmshöhe´.. Inaugurated in 1991, the Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe ICE Station on the new north-south rapid transit line has created a fast-to-reach destination in the center of Germany, which not only benefits the nationwide conference and exhibition industry.. <9> <9> Today, Kassel presents itself as a metropolis with traditional and innovative companies and institutions of supraregional importance, indeed of world renown, with a lively business world, with quality educational institutions and a very attractive cultural and entertainment offer.. Including the many possibilities of recreational activities in and around Kassel, the picture of a liveable and endearing city with a future offers itself at the beginning of the new millennium.. <9> <9> Frank-Roland Klaube